If the US doesn't acknowledge non-resident status, then you're right, Canada isn't like the US. However, as a Canadian who was "working in a foreign country, for a foreign company, on foreign projects" (in the US) for half a year, I can guarantee you that I had to pay both US and Canadian taxes on that income, and I very thoroughly investigated the case because in spite of all the treaties, I ended up double-taxed for a few thousand dollars' worth.
Yep. But it's not just time, to be a "non-resident for tax purposes", you have to close all of your Canadian bank accounts, renounce your government-provided health insurance, etc. I suppose it's not an unreasonable system.
Yes, the special case in the US tax code is that non-residency does not excuse you from paying taxes to the IRS (although I believe there is a non-residency tax deduction on the first $80k or so).