It would be nice to see a performance comparison here. I wouldn't be surprised if Haskell would win, given the fact that lazy evaluation is its bread and butter.
I'm sure that Haskell is fabulously performant here, but I'm not sure that it would be either significantly faster or slower than a C++ library that properly implements laziness. I can't speak for Streams, but Rust makes use of lazy iterators pervasively (all implemented entirely in the stdlib), and I'd expect the equivalent Rust code:
let total = (1..).map(|x| x*x).take(10).sum();
to have no more overhead than the ideal Haskell code (though I could be oblivious to some very important GHC optimization... when posed this question my Haskell-using friends simply respond with "it's complicated").
It's certainly complicated and my answer probably does not apply to such a trivial example code that is using mostly stdlib functions. But the potential gain for Haskell is with loop fusion. The user could implement all of those functions themselves (sum, take, etc) and then loop fusion will bind them into a single performant loop that the lower optimizers will turn into a straight-line code, whereas in procedural languages only stdlib functions and certain patterns of general functions get the fusion treatment. Worse, throw in an unfortunate alias into the procedure and the whole thing collapses into sequential loops.
Hell, if anything on a short sequence the naive (one loop at a time) approach might be faster if it keeps the instruction and data caches more coherent.
Laziness slows everything down by a constant factor. In this example, Haskell would perform about the same as C++, because of optimizations that turn operations on linked list cells into loops (arriving at a result much like the external iterators of Rust and the expression template based iterators of C++).
