So the original guide seems not to have been updated since 2009 [1], and even then only in minor ways. Are these criticisms still valid of C++, even without the C++11 standard? Clearly the language issues won't have gotten any better (without C++11), but many of the arguments in the FQA seem to call into question the correctness of the compiler or the quality of the compiler's optimizations (see e.g. [2] and [3]). Is this still valid for modern compilers (GCC 4.8, Clang 3.4, etc.)?
No. There was a time when you couldn't count on a lot of C++ features being fully or correctly implemented, but that time has passed. A lot of the other arguments revolve around slow compile times, which are fixed by having plenty of fast hardware. Most of the remainder are divided between matters of taste, and genuine sharp edges you have to be careful to avoid.
[1]: http://yosefk.com/c++fqa/changelog.html
[2]: http://yosefk.com/c++fqa/ctors.html#fqa-10.9
[3]: http://yosefk.com/c++fqa/templates.html#fqa-35.10