I went through the list that ChatGPT, Claude and Perplexity gave me. I can rule out the recovery partition and the update cache at least. I think one part was the windows sandbox feature which is known to make problems. Got a new error after deinstalling. It is just plain frustrating however. Having a PhD in computer science and looking for the needle in the haystack to just be able to use your PC in a reasonable way. If I did not have to use awkward SAP Excel Pluginsto connect to our accounting and other MS stuff, this episode nearly triggered me to finally switch to a decent OS I somehow can understand again.
One problem that matches that behavior but is under-recognized, you might not have enough space in your Recovery partition.
If so this can be a showstopper you are expected to have your IT department on top of.