Well good luck parsing sqlite syntax! I had to write a (fairly small) subset sqlite parser for work a couple of years ago. I really like sqlite, it's always a source of inspiration.

The railroad diagrams are tremendously useful:

https://www.sqlite.org/syntaxdiagrams.html

I don't think the lemon parser generator gets enough credit:

https://sqlite.org/src/doc/trunk/doc/lemon.html

With respect of the choice of the language, any language with Algebraic Data Types would work great. Even Typescript would be great for this.

FWIW I wrote a small introduction to writing parsers by hand in Rust a while ago:

https://www.nhatcher.com/post/a-rustic-invitation-to-parsing...