There are frequently better lenses for examining these issues, like culture and socioeconomics. These explain a larger portion of the variance than race in many circumstances. For example, black immigrants from Africa have a very different outlook than American descendants of slavery [1], with black immigrants having higher educational attainment than any other demographic [2] in the US. A similar finding has been observed in the UK [3]. It's true that systemic racism has disadvantaged African Americans even after the Civil Rights movement, but interestingly the income gap is wider for black men than it is for black women [4] indicating there are more factors at play than racism alone since black women face similar amounts of discrimination as black men [5].
That said, I don't discount the impact that both implicit and explicit racism can have. I just think it's important to take a more holistic view rather than falling back on identity as the main causal factor.
That said, I don't discount the impact that both implicit and explicit racism can have. I just think it's important to take a more holistic view rather than falling back on identity as the main causal factor.
[1]: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/08/us/slavery-black-immigran...
[2]: https://www.chicagotribune.com/2007/03/18/black-immigrants-c...
[3]: https://www.lambeth.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2021-10/the_a...
[4]: https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-inheritance-of-black-...
[5]: https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2020/07/black-women-...