I suppose it is often a combination of company culture, local culture and KPIs and then a bunch of smaller things.
I'm not up to speed on the latest and greatest research, but last time I went into that rabbit hole it boiled down to hiding problems or moving them around so the KPIs look good (be it KPIs in the company, or in the case of publicly traded companies, the 'virtual' KPIs of news and press releases), and the degree to which hierarchy forces everything down.
That directionality gets exponentially worse when you have a local culture of strong hierarchy, and a company culture of making leadership look good (or honour culture?). I've only seen that personally from a slight distance where it really looks like a kind of dictatorship where management comes up with an idea, and the subordinates have to make due with it, and only positive results may be shared or they get fired. The ideas are usually bad or really hard to execute so you see people use all available resources to present 'success' with not much left for the actual thing that needed doing.
I'm not up to speed on the latest and greatest research, but last time I went into that rabbit hole it boiled down to hiding problems or moving them around so the KPIs look good (be it KPIs in the company, or in the case of publicly traded companies, the 'virtual' KPIs of news and press releases), and the degree to which hierarchy forces everything down.
That directionality gets exponentially worse when you have a local culture of strong hierarchy, and a company culture of making leadership look good (or honour culture?). I've only seen that personally from a slight distance where it really looks like a kind of dictatorship where management comes up with an idea, and the subordinates have to make due with it, and only positive results may be shared or they get fired. The ideas are usually bad or really hard to execute so you see people use all available resources to present 'success' with not much left for the actual thing that needed doing.