It's hard to find actual info on this other than Reddit comments but the author wrote a C to Go compiler and then ran it on the SQLite C code base to get a SQLite Go code base. Which means you don't need CGo to embed SQLite if you use that version.

https://gitlab.com/cznic/ccgo

Edit: Look around the source for "ccgo". Like https://gitlab.com/cznic/sqlite/-/blob/master/doc.go#L202 and look for "ccgo" in the closed issues.