If a website looks suspicious, Chrome sends a subset of likely phishing and social engineering terms found on the page to Google, in order to determine whether the website should be considered malicious. These client-side checks also include comparisons of the visual appearance of the page to a list of images of login pages. If a website appears similar to a page on this list, Chrome will send the URL and the matched entry on the list to Google to determine whether the page is a likely phishing attempt. Chrome can also help protect you from phishing if you type one of your previously saved passwords into an uncommon site. In this case Chrome sends the URL and referrers of the page to Google to see if the page might be trying to steal your password.
There's also a handful of other things they will send in the name of safe browsing, should they be enabled (I don't know if any are defaults):
https://www.google.com/chrome/privacy/
It's Enhanced Safe Browsing that you are talking about.
It collects all URLs you are visiting, associates it to your Google profile, and send samples of content to Google.
(There are other similar mechanisms in Chrome as well, but it's not called Safe Browsing).
Disabling it is behind dark patterns.