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But if there’s lots of grain to steal, doesn’t that indicate they’re not in hunter/gatherer territory?



Central and Western Europe have been farmed for thousands of years by that point. Farming in Southern France/Iberia was already well established around 7000 years BP (before present). By the time of Romans, the hunter-gatherer's lifestyle was wholly displaced from the area, with only minuscule fraction of resident population engaging in it, at best.

See e.g. First Farmers of Europe, https://www.amazon.com/First-Farmers-Europe-Evolutionary-Per...


After all the grain has been stolen, you are in for a rough year where hunter/gathering might reappear + cannibalism. Imagine it less as a "civilization appears" moment, and more a "metal locusts from outer space eat previous civilization and leaf behind large slave farms after years of famine.


That's what I meant: I take it as a given that if they were successfully invaded, they must have left the hunter/gatherer state behind, likely by a considerable margin.


Sorry, misread your comment




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