This might not be exactly what you’re after, but it’s close.

https://observablehq.com/

There's a jupyter kernel for node, several of them actually. https://github.com/jupyter/jupyter/wiki/Jupyter-kernels This is probably the one you want to check out: https://github.com/n-riesco/ijavascript There's one built specifically for typescript evaluation too.

Like that? https://runkit.com

The official Python VSCode extension from Microsoft is itself a further development of that one (indeed, you can still see that it's a fork on GitHub: https://github.com/microsoft/vscode-python).

https://github.com/nteract/nteract has a somewhat Jupyter-like Node.js Kernel

To try out simple things I like to use https://runjs.app/