well at the time that was written only certain people were actually allowed to sit in government or vote, so it would seem those are the people who should have the rights outlined by the constitution, but it seems that the constitution at its formation did allow freedom of religion for women, who at the time were not allowed to vote. So it seems that there might be some leeway.
There was at one time the argument that the bill of rights codified some of the natural rights that were inherent in humans, to protect against government encroachment, as per The Rights of Man theory of natural rights https://www.ushistory.org/paine/rights/c2-04.htm but this is no longer the popular interpretation, generally theories that prevent power from being asserted will lose popularity, at least among the powerful.
There was at one time the argument that the bill of rights codified some of the natural rights that were inherent in humans, to protect against government encroachment, as per The Rights of Man theory of natural rights https://www.ushistory.org/paine/rights/c2-04.htm but this is no longer the popular interpretation, generally theories that prevent power from being asserted will lose popularity, at least among the powerful.