Docker is application container, LXD container is lightweight virtual machine. Bhyve is virtualisation layer similar to KVM for BSD kernel like FreeBSD and MacOS. Jails is similar to chroot in Linux providing process isolation.
Docker is more popular due to marketing and VC money pouring, in spite of being insecure compared to LXC until very recently. Kubernetes picked docker because it was popular, now there are many alternatives supporting CRI specification. Kata containers are similar to LXD containers but more complex. Now LXD supports VM management too, and provide direct access to hardware in performance critical deployments where kubernetes is not a choice. Indeed kubernetes can run inside LXD containers.
Are there pointers to where LXD, Docker, Byhve and Jails sit with respect to each other (post 2019..)