For large scale projects, Java and C++ remain the go-to languages. I've seen a little bit of Go start to show up but no others. Other languages are used for libraries (Rust, C), only at certain employers (OCaml, Erlang), or for small-scale projects (nearly everything else).
On C++, inertia is a wonderful thing. Java has the benefits of extensive dependency injection and JVM/ecosystem tools that lower the risk of deployment of code. .NET also provides the controlled "managed code" environment of CLR.
Why any enterprise would use C++ for standard "business" or "large scale" programming makes no sense to me.
Enterprises want stability, not speed to market. Most of their infrastructure changes slowly (as in features deployed once or twice a year maybe). They have stable support mechanisms for this, including long and complex processes of approval.
As ex-C++ dev, that lives in the Java/.NET worlds since 2005, because they still don't cover all use cases where C++ might be needed.
So while you might not write it as full stack C++, a couple of native libraries might be required as dependency, to access OS features, give some help to the AOT/JIT compilers, or in Java's case implementation of more machine friendly data structures.
