3) Fingerprinting and tracking in general are heavily javascript-focused. Less common in practice (I assume), but still possible, are 4) Rowhammer or Spectre/Meltdown style attacks that break out of the permission system. Finally, there's general trickery, manipulation, and malware, like trying to embed a frame from Facebook and steal user credentials or so on (I'm fuzzy on these sorts of attacks, not an expert).
3) Right - and I guess "fingerprinting" goes slightly beyond cookies - but when people say "execute arbitrary code" they typically imply something has free-reign, which JavaScript generally doesn't.
4) True, although it's my understanding that the exploits are hard to implement, doubly-so from an abstracted layer like JavaScript.
> trickery, manipulation...like trying to embed a frame from Facebook and steal user credentials or so on
This falls under "cookies-based", and I'm pretty sure no JavaScript is necessary for these kinds of attacks.
