ChromeOS utilises the Linux kernel itself but without arguing semantics you can install a chroot Linux distribution with Crouton [1]. Whether that supports this specific machine (whatever it may be) I do not know.
You'd need to get past the login screen to install a chroot, so not appropriate for OPs usecase. Some machines support modifying the bios, but it requires taking off the panels to unscrew the write protect screw.
[1] https://github.com/dnschneid/crouton