There was bowery.io, they even raised money, they seemingly disappeared [1].
There is also the nix-shell tool from Nix [2] which work great for python, haskell and golang (at least on Linux) but can get very hairy for node and ruby (not only Nix's fault).
I am also working on Pipez [3], which tries to solve a similar problem for frontend development.
I'm a FoaF of one of the founders of bowery -- If the word of mouth is true they got bought out by Google and I assume integrated into one of their projects.
There is also the nix-shell tool from Nix [2] which work great for python, haskell and golang (at least on Linux) but can get very hairy for node and ruby (not only Nix's fault).
I am also working on Pipez [3], which tries to solve a similar problem for frontend development.
[1] http://venturebeat.com/2014/10/21/bowery-io-wants-to-configu...
[2] http://nixos.org/
[3] http://pipez.io/blog/1-tool-hell.html