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There was a point in history when science was not public. Even after it became public, moat was still a thing.


I presume you're referring to the concept of alchemy in the middle ages?

The problem in that context is test it would have been impossible to keep the process a secret. To be useful (to say the king) it would have to be more than one guy in a castle. And between spies, and traitors who could be materially incentivised), and outright kidnapping and torture, well, I just don't see it staying hidden.

And its not like a King could really even hide the fact that he had a "gold mine" producing endless quantities of gold.

It's kinda like the story of the goose laying the golden eggs. The story fails to elaborate on what they did with the eggs. Presumably they sold them, but to whom? And did that person not get curious as to the source of the gold? And what did he do with all that gold? He'd need to sell enough of it to pay the peasant. Did his customer not notice the increase in volume?

So no, alchemy wouldn't have remained a secret for long. And the king would just be financing wars to protect it.


Fair point.


Yes, the moat is that you need the LHC.


Not true.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Tang...

Although china does not seem to try to get in wars historically. Conflicts between for example middle east and china over recorded history are not that many.


The concept of "modern” nation-state is modern and therefore new, it cannot be otherwise.

The original comment remarked on nation-states, and that they have existed in the past. They are not new as far as I am aware.


I’m going off old memory here, but I happened to have his C++ book in late 90s. I read that before I learn C. In intro he claimed strongly no need to learn C. Just learn C++. I was young and just followed his wisdom. Obviously there’s zero replacement for learning C before C++. I can at best say I lost a lot of time confused about basic stuff. Until I gave up, ignored him and learnt C like I should have. I was in school, I did not expect to come across faith based software development. That’s a different course.


I can’t recall having the sour variety of lemon in Iran. There’s lemon (english lime), and there’s sweet lemon. Well, it is only sweet if you have it in the first couple of seconds after opening. After exposure to the air, it doesn’t taste that great.


That's exactly what my wife said too, the limoo shirin is only sweet just after peeling/juicing and turns bitter fast. I looked it up and looks very similar to the "standard" yellow lemons we get in Europe, mostly grown in Spain and Italy. However she's adamant that they don't taste the same


Frankish is what Farangistan and farangi was derived from. Referring to the Franks of course. I think it is from middle ages or earlier, if I’m not mistaken.


Oh. Is this where the Thai got the word Farang too?


I actually do not know. But there’s a wikipedia page on Farang that suggests this could be the case!


Yes, but why?


Tomatoes were brought from the new world. Quick googling says Strawberries are also from Europe. That would give the Farang prefix.


why does frankish == european?


The second persian empire did this. Well, in reverse. They tried to preserve books in high dry lands, believing there will be flood (coming from the west if I remember correctly).


Beef is cow, lamb is sheep, etc. are there languages that have the same word for the food and the mammal?


I thought it was this way in English because the wealthy aristocrats (Norman invaders) spoke French, so they used the French words for the meat on their plates (beef, lamb, pork, etc) while the poor peasants who raised the animals called them by their Anglo-Saxon Germanic names (cow, sheep, pig, etc.)


I know that 'beef' is derived from the french word 'boef', but isn't lamb simply the juvenile form of a sheep? I was under the impression that 'lamb' meat was from a juvenile sheep, and 'sheep meat' would be from an adult animal, or is 'lamb' the general term for sheep meat in english?


Mutton is the term for meat from a mature sheep, but it is rarely sold outside of halal and speciality butchers in the UK these days, which is a pity as it's better for stews.


Hogget is between lamb and mutton in age.


Here in Australia we have more sheep than many.

Lamb is meat from a young sheep - raised to be eaten young.

Mutton is meat from an older sheep, generally from sheep no longer good for wool production, too old to bear lambs, etc.

Mutton is a relative rarity outside the farm gate in shops and city butchers .. in an economic sense as soon as a sheep is big enough and well fed enough to be sold on to super market chains, why invest further time in that animal?

Unless, of course, wool production and| lamb production (ie. older ewes and some rams).


Thanks for the clarification!


Almost all of them. English doesn’t because the word for the animal is Germanic from Old English (pig, cow, sheep) and the word for the meat is from Norman French (pork from porc, beef from boeuf, mutton from mouton).


So "Mary had a little lamb" actually means she only had a bite of food for dinner? I never knew.



Chinese is simple like that: beef is "cow meat," pork is "pig meat," etc.


Languages that didn't have a Norman invasion.


Hungarian


Japanese.


While this is the case for almost all animals and their meat in Japanese, oddly enough lamb meat is ラム肉 ramu-niku, where ramu is loaned from English "lamb". The animal is 羊 hitsuji, but while 羊肉 youniku is possible, you'd rarely if ever use that in speech (and I had to look up the onyomi reading!).

That said, lamb is quite rare in Japan, it's eaten primarily up north in Hokkaido.


German.


Romanian also.


Why call it temporal correlation when it neither denies nor establish causation? what can establish causation in this case? Unless one attempt to go back in time, recognize he is not banned yet he has put an issue in the tracker. Source hut requests were denied as would be expected from a corporate machine. Now the machine realized it should do damage control. we can repeat this test and check for causation where corporations do damage control without the need for time travel.


There was also the economic aspect.

Inheritance to daughters and widows was developed and enforced by muslims, and I hear in turn families became motivated to marry among their own to keep the wealth in the family.


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