While I am sure the load is high, everytime you look up a .com you are not connecting to Verisign Server.
DNS does not work that way, Major DNS companies like RackSpace and AWS's Route 53 I suspect have higher load DNS than the Root Registries, and they offer the service for free...
> While I am sure the load is high, everytime you look up a .com you are not connecting to Verisign Server.
It depends on what's in your resolver cache. If coming from a cold cache, you would start from the root hints file[1] -- if you ask them for an A record for news.ycombinator.com, they give you the NS records for com. ([a-m].gtld-servers.net, and some A and AAAA records for those); these are the Verisign servers, then you ask one of those, and they tell you to go to amazon dns, then you ask amazon dns and they tell you it's a CNAME to cloudflare and you have to chase that down.
Next time you ask, hopefully, you'll have the delegations for com., ycombinator.com, and cloudflare.net. still in the cache; but if you have a small cache, or a large amount of diversity in domain names, you're still going to make a large number of requests to the Verisign servers; anyway the delegations are served with a 2 day TTL, so you'll need to come back periodically.
> if you ask them for an A record for news.ycombinator.com, they give you the NS records for com.
Why does it have to go to the .com registry? Why can't the NS servers of the registrar (GoDaddy/Namecheap/etc.) themselves provide that resolution (ycombinator.com == xx.xx.xx.xx IP) ? After all the registrars are assigned for that specific purpose, aren't they?
Looks like a centralized bureaucracy to me if each request has to go to the root com/org/net DNS servers.
> Why can't the NS servers of the registrar (GoDaddy/Namecheap/etc.) themselves provide that resolution (ycombinator.com == xx.xx.xx.xx IP) ?
They could. Any name server along the chain could just answer the question if it knew the answer. It's a matter of configuration whether a certain domain is delegated to a different nameserver. And that doesn't end at ycombinator.com. The nameserver for ycombinator.com could delegate subdomains to further nameservers, and so on.
> After all the registrars are assigned for that specific purpose, aren't they?
No, their job is to enter their customers' data into the registry's database, that's it. That is, who the owner of the domain is, and which nameservers it should be delegated to. Some registrars also provide DNS hosting, in which case their customer can choose to have them provide the DNS server that's put into the registry's database for the domain to be delegated to.
Also, the DNS doesn't just map domain names to IP addresses. You can have as many subdomains and hostnames below some domain, each pointing to different IP addresses, and you have other information in the DNS, such as which server is responsible for receiving emails for some domain name.
And in particular, none of this information is necessarily static, or even global. Large websites might have multiple webservers, and when one of them fails, they automatically remove its IP address from their DNS server so the clients only try to use the ones that actually work. Or others run DNS servers that return different IP addresses, depending on which part of the planet the request came from, to direct clients to a server that's geographically close. All of that is only possible because the responsibility is delegated to their own nameserver that they can program to behave however they want.
Also, no, not every request goes to the root servers or the com/net/org servers. Your computer, for example, asks your internet provider's DNS resolver server for any names it needs to look up. Now, your provider's server caches responses. So, if you were to go to ycombinator.com, for example, it wouldn't start at the root again, as is already knows which nameservr is responsible for ycombinator.com, as it has already looked up news.ycombinator.com in order to load this page. So it would ask the nameserver that's responsible for ycombinator.com directly. And that's also the main reason why it's built the way it is: The delegation combined with the caching distributes the load to the many individual name servers of each domain instead of having all the requests hit one central server.
On the Sales tax issue, the business does not have advertise the price including the tax because the business is not being charged the tax which if my understanding it correct differs from how the EU operate. The individual buying the coffee is being charged the tax by the government, the Business is acting as a pseudo government collection agent, forced to do so by law. In most states te business is infact paid a nominal fee to collect this tax on behalf of the government in most location it is very very minor but it is there
As to the not including Tip in the price, well that is because you the consumer set how much you tip, there is not possible way to include it. Outside of "large parties" I will not partake in business that charge a mandatory tip. I am likely one of the few people that actually tip based on the service I get, and I have walked away with out leaving a tip.
UK VAT is also a charge on the buyer, and just collected by the seller on the government's behalf. It is not a tax on the seller. But B2C businesses must advertise prices that include this tax.
So you're hiding from the consumer the fact that the govt is taxing 20% on your consumption. In the USA system, tax is clear and present. The difference in style can be associated to a republic vs monarchy style => citizens vs subjects
Nope, the VAT amount is required to be clearly marked on all receipts, at least in the European countries I've been to. It's just that the shelf prices have it included.
Besides, since there's usually only a couple of VAT rates, instead of a complex mix of city and state sale taxes, everyone is very aware of what the current rates are, and it's always a big point in national politics.
People in the UK are very aware of VAT. However we do like to know the total cost in advance of paying.
As an aside, many restaurants here have included service charges (but these are usually optional, so although they are shown on the menu you can choose to not pay)
I think also in Europe many do not see tax as pure evil.
The tax is not clear in both cases, but it is present in both cases. The difference is in one case (Nova Scotia, in this example) you walk up to the counter with $37.64 and pay 15% tax on the $27.65 portion because the $9.99 feminine hygiene products are exempt; you don't work out the tax in your head because you can never remember which items are exempt, you figure it out by looking at your receipt and see you paid $4.15 in tax. Meanwhile, in the Netherlands you walk to the counter with 43.38€ worth of goods and you pay precisely 43.38€. You again look at your receipt and see that you paid 2.46€ in tax (6% rate for food and medicine).
Certainly, people try to argue that Europeans don't realize they are paying tax, but this is simply false. In both cases, people know they are paying taxes; even foreigners realize it. The only real difference is that it is trivial in Europe to work out how much money will be paid for the goods picked up before getting to the checkout and there is no need to have memorized the tax code. The only thing you need to be able to do is add and you will know how much money you will need to pay.
Everybody knows VAT exists, how much it is and that's included in the price. And everybody complains every time it's raised because we see prices going up (sometimes more than they should) and we know there will be a domino effect on everything.
>There is no way that $195k ($180k + $15k) is the top 1bps of wage earners at 26. That's pretty comparable to, if not less than, what you could expect in tech at that age.
First you can not say a person works "in tech" any more like you can with Legal. The Information Technology industry has sooo many different Job Classification today that you can not longer loop everyone that "works in tech" together. Not even all programmers or administrators can be looped together anymore IMO. However there is 3 Basic area's of information technology that you might be able to Group together. Support, Administration, Development...
That said like the legal Field, Technology has also be decimated, H1B, "The Cloud", the rise of MSP model @ the expense of Internal IT and other issues are massively lowering the wages
So while a person @26 working for a Top Silicon Valley Company (apple, Amazon, Google, etc) as a High level Programmer, might get 195K, I do not believe you can say a person at 26 should "expect" to get 195K far far far far far from it.
If they are in Operations/Administration, you are looking at 40-70K nation wide, if you are in programming a little more, if you are In Repair or "HelpDesk" a little to much less..
Specialty Area's like DBA or Senior Linux Admin can command those high pay levels in select regions as well.
Yes but Cuba, Iran, Iraq, and Russia are not willing to supply US Companies with near indentured servants to make our stuff,then use the worthless paper they get for the stuff, to buy a different type of worthless paper that allows the US Government to build more war machines, and other things.
I have long been an open borders supporter, anyone that wants to come to the US (or any other nation) and make a life for themselves should be free to do so.
I am also 100% opposed to even the existence of the H1B visa program, this program is a modernized version of Indentured servitude that allows companies to take advantage of those employees by conditioning their immigration to their employment. These people are often coming from circumstances they do not want to return to, poverty, oppression, persecution, etc. So the threat of being fired and deported is a coercive force that employers use to exploit these workers.
I am fine with immigration, I am even fine if immigrant are willing to work for lower wages, provided that agreement is free from the threat of deportation...
Which may be substantially narrower in applicability than the federal one. (That difference is actually the main relevant difference I was thinking of when I posted the grandparent post.)
These roommate exceptions are definitely needed for a verity of reason. Living with someone is deeply personal as such you should be able to discriminate more that a simple commercial lease arrangement, however from the story I doubt they would apply as the author states "crissie" is in California and not on the property, or at least it is not her primary residence, might be a vacation home, or it might be pure rental income.
DNS does not work that way, Major DNS companies like RackSpace and AWS's Route 53 I suspect have higher load DNS than the Root Registries, and they offer the service for free...