On top of that, it is a significant reverse brain drain. Like 20-25 years ago you'd be hard pressed to find tenure track CS faculty at most America programs let alone a major program lime Cal or UIUC consider returning to a program like Shanghai Jiao Tong or IIT Bombay compared to today.
It has upskilled academia in those countries, but we also lost talent who could have remained here.
It is it really our talent though? The US has been so addicted to China and India for STEM talent for so long that...what did they expect was going to happen? And the effect is much more prominent for China than India: China has a lot of money to dump into modernizing while India is still a relatively poor country. Imagine what will happen when India gets richer as well?
Based on personal experience (friends who either entered academia/industry or me being the son of white collar immigrants to the US) I'd say large portion want to return to China and India due to family ties, but a number would have stayed in the US if immigration wasn't such a PITA - especially because companies and programs don't really like filing for an O-1s unless they found a unicorn.
You hit the nail on the head on developing countries not being as poor anymore, and opportunties proliferating which reduces the pull factor, but there are a decent amount of academics and professionals who would gladly work in the US if given the opportunity and it wasn't such a headache.
And decided that it was cheaper and easier to just outsource it to Microsoft. Because doing it in today's environment - different work computers, backend servers, mobile devices, etc - is much more complicated than just managing permissions on a mainframe.
Distributed databases are a solved problem (besides maybe performance). Offloading account management to arbitrary databases too. Why everyone is using Microsoft is, because then they have someone to blame, instead of needing to point at themselves.
And setting up things like rsync to replace dropbox is also "fairly quick"!
The point isn't that but the fact that like a normal user, a normal business don't want to have to tinker with low level components to get the functionality they want. They desire to pay and get a working piece of infrastructure with low hassle (tho i get saying active directory being low hassle is weird).
But a normal user isn't going to setup AD either. This will be done by sysadmins anyway, so stuff like being able to put the configuration into version control is actually useful for them. The "normal business" has lots of employee databases anyways and integration is actually a feature instead of needing to sync it with bespoke Microsoft internals.
So you can hook up all those internal employee databases to your new created libpam-mysql and hook it up all to slack or just use what Microsoft sells you.
I do not need to create it, it already exists. Yes, you can write your own pam module, but in general you do not need to.
> just use what Microsoft sells you.
Which means now your employees need to manually sync the MS and your internal databases. Depends on how much your employees time is worth for you. I mean a lot of companies do exactly that, but it is certainly not the cheaper option.
Also using what MS sells is also illegal. Not that anyone cares, as whole Europe ignores that, but when you meet a civil servant on the wrong foot, your company is toast.
Active Directory is a very no-code tool and has a ton of documentation and certifications online, no college degree required. And it's built by paid devs with a verifiable software supply chain.
I just looked up libpam-mysql and it is not no-code at all. And it looks like an unpaid community project which allows contributions from anywhere. That's not a true replacement.
It is so simple, that the whole documentation fits in the README. All you need to do is to tell it the table and column names of your existing database and of you go. If you have something more complicated you can also put arbitrary SQL statements in there.
So my configuration is this (I only redacted the company name, the remaining is copied verbatim):
users.host = /run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
users.database = Company
users.db_user = mail
users.db_passwd = $(secret-tool lookup user mail@mysql)
users.table = User
users.user_column = username
users.password_column = password
users.password_crypt = Y
> and it is not no-code at all
Then tell me how I put your "no-code tool" into the VCS?
> no college degree required
Yeah, which nearly everyone has, but now you need to run through tons of certification programs instead. Which cost a lot of money, so you have the "Certified Rockstar Active Directory Consultant Adviser (TM)"
> it looks like an unpaid community project
> built by paid devs with a verifiable software supply chain.
Which is how most FOSS OS work, which have way more of a verifiable supply chain than your proprietary closed-source OS from Microsoft.
> it is not no-code at all. no college degree required.
Which totally matters, because you want random Joe who hasn't even finished college to be able to mess around with the company authentication setup.
I think AI can be really powerful tool. I am more productive with it than not, but a lot of my time interacting with AI is reviewing its code, finding problems with it (I always find some issues with it), and telling it what to do differently multiple times, and eventually giving up, and fixing up the code by hand. But it definitely has reduced average time it takes me to implement features. But I also worry that not everyone would be responsible and check/fix AI generated code.
Probably a lot of private equity buying up homes to generate rental income? Usually, I am more pro market, but I think there needs to be some regulations on this. Although if you are an existing homeowner with low interest rate locked in, you probably want more private equity investments to drive up your property value...
This myth needs to die. PE does not own that many homes. There was a small period in early COVID where interest rates were lower than cap rates. During this time PE, along with the investment market in general, invested in real estate including SFRs. That is no longer the case. It's a great boogeyman but trust me, having worked in the industry, institutional investors own less than 5% of SFRs.
Real estate investing in general went bananas during COVID (plenty of non-PE buyers as well) because it's one of the only ways the average citizen can access that amount of leverage.
"Private equity generating rental income" is a lie fed you by the rich lobby. The real reason (everywhere in US and Europe) is zoning, which is a subsidy to the owners of existing buildings at the cost of everyone else.
Zoning change would spike land value in more populated area much more closely located to metro center, but it will depress demand on locations further away from the urban center.
1/3 of the houses bought in the US are bought by these kinds of organizations. Zoning might matter, but large capital owners are buying up a large fraction of the houses that are for sale and this is obviously driving up prices.
Real estate investors, both individual and institutional, bought one-third of all single-family residential properties sold in the second quarter of 2025.
Institutional investors are selling more homes than they buy and have been for six consecutive quarters.
While large institutional investors continue to get most of the headlines in the single-family rental space, small investors account for more than 90% of the market. These are individuals owning 10 properties or less. The largest investors, those with 1,000 or more properties, make up just 2% of all investor-owned homes.
>Real estate investors, both individual and institutional, bought one-third of all single-family residential properties sold in the second quarter of 2025.
is, as I view things, what I said. You may say that individual real estate investors are not typically large capital owners, but that's a definitional thing, or a matter of assessment that isn't interesting to debate.
No matter how you choose to define it, investors buying homes are buying a substantial fraction of the homes on the market (1/3) and presumably have a substantial effect on prices.
"Definitional things" are often pretty important to productive discourse, and both of the recent comments you responded to with your assertion that "these kinds of organizations" are buying up 1/3rd of homes were clearly talking about large institutional investors, not some guy who owns a few rental homes.
It's entities bigger than them driving up prices. The adversarial situation might even be even more apparent with the guy buying up 'a few' rental homes.
You’re commenting on a story about how housing demand is cooling, so why are you talking about how investors are driving prices up? Especially when the institutional investors are selling more than they’re buying…
Calling it a "subsidy for existing owners" is a slighty of hand that avoids blaming the literal hordes of useful idiots who are happy to see all manner of asinine provisions written into the zoning code to cater to their interest, whatever that may be. If it were just property owners it wouldn't have gotten done. It's busybodies, environmentalists, moralizing jerks, etc, etc that provide the necessary political will.
There's something fundamentally strange about how prices have spiked and inventory has tightened since Covid. Where I live in rural New England, prices are up 50–100% in five years. And this is on pretty poor quality homes. Yes, low interest rates led to a surge in buying and bidding wars that spiked the baseline, but when people say "the real problem is there isn't enough housing" that feels incomplete to me. Of course supply has been an issue for a while, but home prices nearly doubling in five years doesn't look like a normal supply story -- it's not as if we suddenly created 20-50% more qualified buyers in that time. I guess the lack of churn, with people hanging onto those sweet 3% mortgages much longer than usual, is probably part of it. But I really don't have an answer for the current state of home buying. I make great money but if I was to buy a house the quality of the house I got in 2018 with the same % down payment I would be looking at over 40% of my take home going to a mortgage, PMI and taxes.
> it's not as if we suddenly created 20-50% more qualified buyers in that time.
We don't create buyers quickly, but mobility means that a large number of buyers can show up in one concentrated area much more quickly than housing can adapt.
One piece of the US real estate puzzle is that automation and outsourced killed agriculture and manufacturing jobs. Those are the kinds of jobs that have some natural incentive to be spread across the US. Ag, because farms literally take up a lot of space and are spread out, and manufacturing because factories tend to be close to raw materials, ports, or other local resources.
When you get rid of those jobs and replace them with information work, you create a feedback loop with no dampening in it. People want to go where the most jobs are, so they move to the cities. Businesses want to open where the most workers are, so they start companies in cities.
The next thing you know, all the small towns are filled with dirt cheap empty houses because there are no jobs. Meanwhile, every metro area is bursting at the seams.
This makes some sense to me. The solution to housing often put forth is to build more affordable housing. In the context of people wanting to move toward cities where jobs are this makes sense.
But it seems like there is a larger problem of just having tons of housing inventory that is out of reach or untenable to most people. What are the more basic numbers of how many units exist in the country vs. how many people there are? How many second, third, investment, vacation units are there, how many sit empty most of the time? (I'm mostly not talking about true "country"/vanity houses far away from economic centers that will always only be accessible to the rich)
It seems to me that rather than just "build build build" we could do a lot to reconfigure the existing supply to make it fit the people better? Why is there so much "unaffordable" stock out there and continuing to be built? It kinda feels like the affordable housing issue is just a red herring for the larger wealth inequality issue.
> we could do a lot to reconfigure the existing supply to make it fit the people better?
The problem is that housing and infrastructure is, you know, actual giant physical objects. It takes a year of planning and millions of dollars to move a road. You can't tear down a block of single family homes and put a denser apartment building in there until everyone living in them sells. You need to run sewer, power, and roads to make a new neighborhood, and even then you will still have to deal with the impact to nearby schools, traffic, hospitals, etc.
Making places for people to live is, like, many orders of magnitude more effortful than anything we do in the software world.
> It kinda feels like the affordable housing issue is just a red herring for the larger wealth inequality issue.
Yes, this is certainly another piece of the puzzle. For every 100 people who can't afford a thing, there's still 1 rich person who can, and increasingly, rich people are the primary source of profit for businesses. So businesses target them more and more and we end up in today's world where it seems like "no one can afford what's being sold".
It's because unless you're one of the wealthy minority, you're simply not a market participant at all.
Sorry, by reconfigure I meant something akin to artificially lowering prices, legislation to push more homes to be filled by people that need them, allowing remote work, anything leveraging existing infra as much as possible.
My point is that we have the physical problem of housing units per capita beyond solved already, it's just socially/economically out of whack.
Unless there is not something I am seeing, people aren't racing to move to rural New England. Maybe it's retirees, red to blue state migrations, or remote workers. But I haven't seen a ton of evidence of that. People didn't really migrate out here before covid and I don't think enough people have to justify the rise in prices.
Personally I think people that otherwise would be selling are sitting on their homes because of the interest rates and this is causing a strange feedback loop of low turnover causing low supply which in turn causes new buyers to accept the prices (probably with a hope that interest rates will come down and they can re-fi in the years to come). I also think a non-trivial number of houses that on the market due to the owners passing or going into retirement homes are sitting there on the market because prices are so high but the only money the family is out is taxes. Or they are being turned into rental units, since rental prices are out of whack in these areas too.
My point I guess is where I live we haven't seen a big influx of population (probably the opposite) or significant job or wage growth to make sense of the increase in housing prices. I guess at the end of the day people are just stretching themselves further and sending more money to the banks in the form of interest to get into homes that were literally half the price in 2019. Strange times.
I agree that people sitting on their mortgages is part of the story.
I do also think there's a thing where home prices have risen so steeply in metro areas that even rural areas with fewer jobs are seeing prices go up because the market will allow it. Because the cities are so expensive, a house in a rural area can still be a relative good deal even if it's more expensive than it used to be.
City planning certainly isn't my area of expertise. I think it's a fiendishly hard problem. For a small town to draw people in and thrive, it needs:
1. Jobs.
2. Good K-12 schools.
3. Some amount of things to do and cultural amenities.
Remote work can help a lot with #1. I think people are fairly tolerant of a lack of #3 and it's a thing that can grow organically over time. People will also accept fewer things to do if the area is quieter, they can afford bigger homes, and there's more outdoorsy stuff nearby.
But #2 is really hard. You need a strong tax base to fund it, which small towns don't have. They are sort of trapped in a death spiral where if they had more people coming in, they could have better schools with the increased tax base, but they don't, so they can't, so no one moves there.
House value has gone up along with other assets since Covid because a lot of money have been printed. A trillion here and a trillion there, pretty soon we're talking real inflation. Real estate is the real inflation hedge.
Intellectually, I think people agree with that. But I think the weight of history works against it. When you have a history filled with war, and intense competition...
If they get things like PyTorch to work well without carinng what hardware it is running on, it erodes Nvidia's CUDA moat. Nvidia's chips are excellent, without doubt, but their real moat is the ecosystem around CUDA.
The problem is that "hardware-agnostic PyTorch" is a myth, much like Java's "write once, run anywhere". At the high level (API), the code looks the same, but as soon as you start optimizing for performance, you inevitably drop down to CUDA. As long as researchers are writing their new algorithms in CUDA because it's the de facto language of science, Google will forever be playing catch-up, having to port these algorithms to XLA. An ecosystem is, after all, people and their habits, not just libraries.
I'd love for someone to give me an alternative to CUDA but I don't primarily use GPUs for inference, I do 64-bit unsigned integer workloads and the only people who seem to care even a little about this currently are NVidia, if imperfectly.
I _really_ want an alternative but the architecture churn imposed by targeting ROCm for say an MI350X is brutal. The way their wavefronts and everything work is significantly different enough that if you're trying to get last-mile perf (which for GPUs unfortunately yawns back into the 2-5x stretch) you're eating a lot of pain to get the same cost-efficiency out of AMD hardware.
FPGAs aren't really any more cost effective unless the $/kwh goes into the stratosphere which is a hypothetical I don't care to contemplate.
The culture changed. When I first worked there, I was encouraged to take calculated risks. When I did my second tour of duty, people were deathly afraid of bringing down services. It has been a while since my second tour of duty, but I don't think it's back to "Amazon is a place where builders can build".
Somewhat inevitable for any company as they get larger. Easy to move fast and break things when you have 1 user and no revenue. Very different story when much of US commerce runs you on.
For folks who came of age in the late 00's, seeing companies once thought of as disruptors and innovators become the old stalwarts post-pandemic/ZIRP has been quite an experience.
Maybe those who have been around longer have seen this before, but its the first time for me.
If you bring something down in a real way, you can forget about someone trusting you with a big project in the future. You basically need to switch orgs
Nah, I used to work for defense contractors, and worked with ex-military people, so...
Anyway, I actually loved my first time at AWS. Which is why I went back. My second stint wasn't too bad, but I probably wouldn't go back, unless they offered me a lot more than what I get paid, but that is unlikely.
I have seen one promo docket get rejected for doing work that is not complex enough... I thought the problem was challenging, and the simple solution brilliant, but the tech assessor disagreed. I mean once you see there is a simple solution to a problem, it looks like the problem is simple...
I had a job interview like this recently: "what's the most technically complex problem you've ever worked on?"
The stuff I'm proudest of solved a problem and made money but it wasn't complicated for the sake of being complicated. It's like asking a mechanical engineer "what's the thing you've designed with the most parts"
I think this could still be a very useful question for an interviewer. If I were hiring for a position working on a complex system, I would want to know what level of complexity a prospect was comfortable dealing with.
I was once very unpopular with a team of developers when I pointed out a complete solution to what they had decided was an "interesting" problem - my solution didn't involve any code being written.
I suppose it depends on what you are interviewing for but questions like that I assume are asked more to see how you answer than the specifics of what you say.
Most web jobs are not technically complex. They use standard software stacks in standard ways. If they didn't, average developers (or LLMs) would not be able to write code for them.
Yeah, I think this. I've asked this in interviews before, and it's less about who has done the most complicated thing and more about the candidate's ability to a) identify complexity, and b) avoid unnecessary complexity.
I.e. a complicated but required system is fine (I had to implement a consensus algorithm for a good reason).
A complicated but unrequired system is bad (I built a docs platform for us that requires a 30-step build process, but yeah, MkDocs would do the same thing.
I really like it when people can pick out hidden complexity, though. "DNS" or "network routing" or "Kubernetes" or etc are great answers to me, assuming they've done something meaningful with them. The value is self-evident, and they're almost certainly more complex than anything most of us have worked on. I think there's a lot of value to being able to pick out that a task was simple because of leveraging something complex.
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