> Starting around 2015, paleogenomic studies revealed a dramatic genetic turnover across Europe around 3000 BCE. In many regions, 70-100% of male lineages were replaced within just a few centuries. The Yamnaya and their descendants didn't just rule; they moved in enormous numbers. The debate isn't fully settled, and both mechanisms likely operated in different places and times, but the DNA evidence has shifted the balance decisively toward mass migration as the primary driver in Europe.
There is a lecture on yootoob but sorry I do not have the link. A Danish (IIRC) archeologist says they have been finding mass graves around northern europe that correlate to the hypothesis.
Also saying that words for things outside the home tend to PIE origins but things inside the home tend to non-PIE (i.e. pre-invasion) languages, supporting the idea that incoming males displaced & replaced existing males, taking the females.
Also saying that all in all, it mostly supports the theories originally proposed by the late Marija Gimbutas.
> In many regions, 70-100% of male lineages were replaced within just a few centuries. The Yamnaya and their descendants didn't just rule; they moved in enormous numbers.
If only the male lineages were replaced, it generally means that the yamnaya did not move in enormous numbers. Rather it means that male yamnayans and their male descendants ruled and use their privileged positions to outbreed the local males.
Mass migration would indicated a major shift in both the male and female lineages. Predominantly male lineage shift indicates rule. It's the difference between the US and mexico. In the US we had a complete genocide of the natives ( male and female lineages ) due to mass migration from europe. Mexico never experienced a mass migration from europe. Instead, the europeans took over the leadership of the aztecs/mexico and use their privileged position to outbreed the local males. It's why in mexico today most male lineages are european while almost all the female lineages are native. Whereas in the US, most of the male and female lineages are european while almost none of the male and female lineages are native.
> but the DNA evidence has shifted the balance decisively toward mass migration as the primary driver in Europe.
This is easy to verify. Do they follow the pattern of the US or Mexico? What are the female lineages in europe?
And then some person realizes that government ids can be faked, so they set up a system of doing a retinal scan of the person dropping off the car and then comparing it to the retinal scan of the person picking it up.
Then they realize that one person may be bribed so they require at least two people to verify at pickup and drop off.
Meanwhile, a car has never ever been stolen this way.
Open source and free software was the largest transfer of wealth in the form of techne freely from the craftspeople to the business people.
Knowing how to write a database could make one fabulously rich. Now the person who knows how to make and promote a simple crud app backed my MySql becomes the rich one, while the db people beg for donations.
Linux killed Sun/Solaris and SGI Irix
Developers have voluntarily moved further down in the chain of value - now just describing themselves as primarily a business liaison who can translate to code. All the computer whispering necessary to do all this is freely available and digestible for free.
Well said. This also aptly describes the emergence of “script kiddies“ in the early 2000’s (now comically referred to as “engineers“). Promotion of simply combining libraries that are not understood by amateurish developers into mostly poorly implemented solutions thrust upon the end users. Corporations loved the lower salaries of web developers and the efficiency of utilizing open source libraries, thereby devaluing the skilled developers whose original intent was to share their knowledge via these oss libraries. Web development was the most affected by this trend initially, and as we see now is mostly impacted by the emergence of LLM‘s.
And before, to the founding of the Russian identity, when confronted with the Khans and the europeans, they (the princes of Kiev) fought for generations, seasonal wars of attrition.
And now they are fighting europe, pointing to the dinipter saying "remember?"
Plus this war is much more, as it is the first high tech war, and many outside partys are involved in every way.
Just think how SK is shitting square ones knowing that NK has troops fighting on the front lines, and is totaly involved in planning, tacticts and strategy.
> Just think how SK is shitting square ones knowing that NK has troops fighting on the front lines, and is totaly involved in planning, tacticts and strategy.
I think if SK was seriously worried about that, they would send troops to support Ukraine.
Human wave isn't a viable strategy for NK, so I'm not sure what they learned really. Maybe they learned how to parade and to die gracefully from the VDV?
Several thousand years of human history in fact argues for their point of tendency towards equality being a natural imperative, and artificially enforced caste systems being unnatural and instinctively distasteful to people.
Nothing says "instinctively distasteful caste systems" like the ongoing meat grinder in Gaza. Truly the pinnacle of humanity's natural drift toward equality.
The majority of people are horrified when they become aware of what's happening in Gaza. Personally I think a large majority of those that support it are sheltered from the reality of it, e.g. avoid seeing images of assassinated children.
Are you saying that, because there is one way in which people are vulnerable, that it doesn't matter if we add more ways they are vulnerable? Because that makes no sense whatsoever.
> People who love using AI to create software are loving it because they don’t value the act of creating & understanding the software.
This is very similar to the statement - People who love using Python (or other language not C or assembly) to create software are loving it because they don’t value the act of creating & understanding the software.
There is a category error here. Python and its standard library provide deterministic abstractions; they don't aim to solve the entire problem on your behalf.
Yes. See also Fleming’s James Bond. Dickens’ Nicholas Nickleby. *
This phenomenon is post-WWI and post-WWII and losing the greatest empire in history in a single generation trauma being retconned as if were the historical English perspective.
* Removed previously incorrect statement including Edgar Rice Burroughs who is an American although Tarzan is English
I'm not sure I understand the Burroughs example as relevant to the UK, but another good illustration is Thomas Hardy. His books sold well but were never seen as consistent with the UK cultural mainstream, and the reaction to Jude the Obscure in 1895 stopped him from writing novels entirely. Yet post-WWI he came to be seen/adopted as a mainstream cultural icon.
They killed all the males and enslaved the women.
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